Conservación forestal
Buscador de literatura
Resultados: 236
Resumen:
En el marco del proyecto de fortalecimiento a la incidencia de las comunidades étnicas Lenca y Maya-Chortí, y de las asociaciones ambientalistas de Olancho que implementa Oxfam en conjunto con OCDIH, para conocer mejor la realidad del impacto de las concesiones se revisó conocimiento técnico y recuperación de conocimiento local, para ello se desarrolló un enfoque participativo, con sensibilidad a la información desagregada por tipo de organización (organizaciones de pueblos indígenas y asociaciones ambientalistas)y un acercamiento a la realidad por género. La consulta contó con la participación de representantes de los pueblos indígenas Lenca y Maya-Chortíy asociaciones ambientalistas de Olancho. |
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Resumen:
Los bosques y selvas proporcionan bienes y servicios indispensables para la vida y la sociedad. ¿Sabes quién y cómo cuida de ellos? Cerca del 80% de los bosques y selvas de México pertenecen a ejidos y comunidades, y son ellos quienes enfrentan el reto de conciliar su manejo y conservación. A través del monitoreo y manejo forestal comunitario se generan condiciones que contribuyen a la conservación de estos ecosistemas y su biodiversidad. Valorar esta contribución y desarrollar herramientas de monitoreo asequibles para los actores locales, son estrategias de conservación que deben fortalecerse por dependencias e instituciones del sector ambiental. |
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Resumen:
The term “forest transition” refers to observed historical processes of forest cover change as societies become more developed and industrialized. A general trend observed in many developed economies is that forest cover declines at a rapid rate uring a first phase of economic development, followed by a gradual stabilization of forest cover and subsequent tendencies toward forest recovery.
While deforestation is still a major problem in many regions of the world, the growing magnitude of recovering forests and the ecological and livelihood significance of secondary forests in general has been recognized by the FAO, which notes that in many tropical countries the amount of secondary forests is larger than primary forests. Reviews of forest cover dynamics in the region is made difficult by the conflicting numbers on basic forest cover processes from apparently reliable sources, as we shall see in some of the country case studies. The lack of agreement on basic facts, from deforestation rates to existing forest cover to number of hectares in protected areas, shows the great need for more rigorous and definitive studies and ongoing monitoring. This is made more urgent in a carbon-constrained world where deforestation contributes some 20% to greenhouse gas emissions. FAO figures are frequently taken as authoritative on deforestation but liberal definitions of forest cover can make them misleading. Thus, in most countries in the region it is difficult to determine if a forest transition is taking place. |
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Resumen:
Despite many studies of the drivers of deforestation, few syntheses have been conducted of the effect of public policies on forest cover. This is problematic because policy is the primary tool that society can use to change outcomes, yet we lack information on the conditions which lead to successful policies. To address this deficiency, we conduct a meta-analysis of case studies of the impact of public policy on deforestation and reforestation in Central America and Mexico, drawing on a set of 159 studies. This region has recently experienced high rates of forest cover change and is well studied, providing a strong sampling frame. For each study, we record the reported change in forest cover, along with the scale and location of the study, the types of policy evaluated, and other relevant information. Some policy types are strongly associated with positive or negative forest impacts, though important gaps remain in our understanding. Nearly all studies of payment for ecosystem services in- dicate an association between payments and improvements in forest cover (88% of cases), however this evidence derives from only two countries (Mexico and Costa Rica), both of which have more clearly defined property rights and stronger governmental institutions than other countries in the region, raising questions about gen- eralizability. Community-based management is associated with positive impacts on forest cover in 81% of cases, whereas protected areas are associated with positive impacts in 66% of cases. Studies of social and agricultural policies were rarer and more likely to be associated with negative outcomes. Agricultural subsidies were asso- ciated with negative forest outcomes in 86% of cases, raising the possibility that reducing agricultural subsidies could be an effective strategy for improving forest cover. Most studies do not adequately identify either causal effects or the mechanisms associated with policy change, and few studies examine interactions between policy types. The results of this review imply that, while some policies are more likely to make positive contributions than others, policymakers should remain cautious about the body of evidence supporting the effectiveness of policies for reducing deforestation. |
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Resumen:
El objetivo de sistematizar el modelo forestal comunitario de Petén en función de la sostenibilidad de la Reserva de Biosfera Maya, fue desarrollar una base de datos documental ordenada incluyendo la identificación, proyectos, informes, estudios científicos, herramientas técnicas, maderables, no maderables y ambientales que contribuyen a la sostenibilidad del Modelo Forestal Comunitario, generando beneficios socioeconómicos en el largo plazo a las concesiones forestales en la ZUM-RBM. Se elaboró una base de datos con la documentación recopilada del periodo 1997-2020 en total fueron 170 documentos, en la categoría maderables 95, no maderables 39, maderables y no maderables 14 y ambientales 22. El conjunto de herramientas técnicas e investigaciones ha proporcionado normas, lineamientos y guías técnicas permitiendo al CONAP ordenar el manejo de los recursos maderables y no maderables, contribuyendo de esta manera a la sostenibilidad de la RBM y la consolidación del modelo forestal comunitario. |
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Covering close to 2.1 million hectares, Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) is the largest protected area in Central America and home to around 180,000 people, as well as globally important bio- diversity and cultural heritage. Established in 1990, the reserve is also the site of an internationally significant example of multiple-use forest management with the twin aims of conservation and social development. This paper analyzes deforestation trends in different management zones of the MBR during the period 2000-2013 and looks within these zones to identify trends among specific management units. In the Multiple-Use Zone (MUZ), the Guatemalan government granted usufruct rights to 12 community organizations and two private industrial firms in the late 1990s and early 2000s to manage concessions for timber and non-timber forest products. The decision to allow for concessions was a controversial one since many doubted the ability of production forestry—particularly in the hands of community groups—to conserve natural forests. To achieve and maintain the concession contract, forestry concessions were required to comply with the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Some 15 years after the majority of concessions were awarded, deforestation trends in the MBR during 2000-2013 were analyzed and broken down by administrative classification, as well as other variables. Since its establishment, the MBR has received considerable external support from a range of donors and technical assistance providers, a level of investment that might not be sustained. The trends, conclusions and recommendations advanced here should be referenced by policymakers, donors and development practitioners in strategizing future support for natural resource conservation and economic development among Petén communities, as well as forest communities globally. |
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Resumen:
This article examines how the Miskito peoples of Río Plátano, Honduras have responded to agricultural expansion by migrant farmers and ranchers onto their ancestral forest lands, and considers the policy options for supporting the common-property system of the Miskito and the forests they have historically conserved. The analysis compares institutional changes in the common-property systems of three Miskito communities, each with a different history of colonization. The findings illustrate that the Miskito response to the colonists has been multifaceted, and that while the Miskito leaders have made institutional changes to strengthen their common-property system, these changes are not necessarily reflected in the daily decisions of the Miskito people. The findings suggest that policies that support indigenous rulemaking abilities, specifically policies that legitimize indigenous rights to their lands and provide the resources to apply those rights, may be vital to maintain robust common-property systems and the frontier forests in the region. |
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Resumen:
«Most protected areas in the world are inhabited by people. Recent figures suggest that around 11.5% of the global terrestrial area is under some form of protection but about 90% of these protected areas are in IUCN categories III-VI that allow degrees of human presence and use. In addition, some 11% of forests globally have been devolved to local communities to varying degrees by governments. Thus, the vast majority of protected areas in the world have human presence in them, although frequently with unclear rights to forests and their products when they are present.» |
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Resumen:
Since the advent of integrated conservation and development programs, participatory approaches have been used to engage local people in protected area management and conservation action. While participatory approaches provide local people a role in telling their own story and enable them to contribute to conservation and development processes, it is unclear how much consideration local people’s opinions receive within the framework of a participatory process that exists to meet the specific goals and objectives of conservation programs. This paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the participatory approach used in an applied research program conducted in three ejido communities in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The research program used community mapping, historical matrices, institutional diagramming, seasonal calendars, semi-structured interviewing and other community-level reflection techniques to assess the complex interrelationships among population growth, migration, tenure regimes, and land-use practices in rural communities bordering the reserve. The program also sought to build local capacity and support for land-use planning and conservation programs. While the paper acknowledges the critical benefits of local participation it also questions the compatibility of this approach with conservation programs administered by conservation organizations as they are currently structured. |
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Cloud forests are amongst the most biologically unique, yet threatened, ecosystems in Mesoamerica. We summarize the ecological value and conservation status of a well-studied cloud forest site: Cusuco National Park (cnp), a 23,440 ha protected area in the Merendón mountains, northwest Honduras. We show cnp to have exceptional biodiversity; of 966 taxa identified to a species-level to date, 362 (37.5%) are Mesoamerican endemics, 67 are red-listed by the iucn, and at least 49 are micro-endemics known only from the Merendón range. cnp also provides key ecosystem services including provision of drinking water and downstream flood mitigation, as well as carbon sequestration, with an estimated stock of 3.5 million megagrams of carbon in 2000. |
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Resumen:
Deforestation policies in Mexico need to recognize heterogeneity in community’s management schemes. In communities that extract wood from the forest for profit, forestry projects generate funds whose investment in public goods increases the value of standing forest to those not receiving direct dividends from the projects. Increases in such investment help decrease deforesta- tion. In communities with other livelihoods, deforestation decreases with the community’s ability to form a coalition that cooperates in reducing forest clearing. This is easier in smaller communities with more experienced leaders. Analysis using data collected in 2002 combined with satellite imagery verifies the models’ predictions. |
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Resumen:
En este artículo se plantea que la agroforestería cierra la brecha entre la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible en la comunidad rural de Salitre y, por lo tanto, podría renombrarse como agroforestería social. En este territorio indígena hay una falta de empleo que, en consecuencia, conduce a la pobreza extrema; además de esto, hay prácticas inapropiadas en el uso de la tierra, tales como el uso del fuego para el control de malezas, así como el conflicto entre las poblaciones indígenas y no indígenas. Se observa la necesidad de establecer sistemas agroforestales en el área, ya que este tipo de modelo de producción es una mejor alternativa para el desarrollo rural en un sentido amplio. El artículo también destaca los sistemas tradicionales de producción indígena, ya que se argumenta que los bribris del sureste de Costa Rica fundaron una región basada en el uso y la conservación de los recursos forestales y la diversidad cultural. La agroforestería social es clave para comprender los sistemas de gestión de recursos naturales, las prácticas y los usos de la tierra, desde un punto de vista cultural. Por último, varias especies de plantas que crecen en Salitre pueden utilizarse como índice de conservación e interacción cultural, como alternativa de producción y como medio para lograr la seguridad alimentaria. |
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Resumen:
La Alianza Nacional de Organizaciones Forestales Comunitarias de Guatemala nace en el año 2009 con el objetivo el aunar esfuerzos e impulsar con visión de país al manejo responsable y conservación de los bosques de gestión colectiva, constituirse en un espacio de dialogo comunitario que facilite el accionar propositivo de las organizaciones forestales comunitarias en materia de gobernanza forestal; promover un enfoque de competitividad y emprendimiento forestal que sin menoscabo de la concepción cultural y espiritual de las comunidades, contribuir con la mejora de calidad de vida de las familias que conforman las organizaciones de base. La Alianza trabaja en 4 regiones de Guatemala: Norte, oriente, Occidente, Costa sur. |
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Los cambios por el manejo forestal, cuyo objetivo es el crecimiento rápido, tienen un efecto en los almacenes y en la tasa regional de secuestro de carbono al incorporar el bióxido de carbono en la biomasa de las plantas; por ello, es primordial conocer su condición y respuesta a diferentes estrategias de manejo para una adecuada gestión. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de dos manejos silvícolas, después de 21 años de reforestación, sobre los almacenes de carbono en el suelo a 10 cm, 20 cm y 30 cm de profundidad, así como en mantillo, madera muerta, raíces y biomasa aérea en la Sierra Norte de Oaxaca. Se realizó un muestreo en dos sitios manejados con: (1) método de desarrollo silvícola (MDS) (alta intensidad) y (2) método mexicano de ordenación de bosques irregulares (MMOBI) (baja intensidad) y en tres bosques no manejados de pino (BP), encino (BE) y pino-encino (BPE). La biomasa arbórea aérea, madera muerta y raíces fueron estimadas mediante ecuaciones alométricas, a partir de ello, se calculó el C. El carbono del mantillo y del suelo se determinó en un analizador automático. El método MMOBI presentó un mayor contenido de carbono en el suelo y hojarasca (127.89 Mg C ha -1), pero el mayor reservorio de C se encontró en la biomasa arbórea del bosque de pino- encino (383.9 Mg C ha-1 ). El manejo MMOBI puede ser una alternativa de manejo que favorezca los almacenes de carbono en el suelo, mientras que el bosque de pino-encino demuestra un potencial como almacén de carbono arbóreo a una edad mayor de 40 años. |
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